This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Wright, J. Articles by Vardhan, A. Search for Related Content Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

Review: The problem of diabetic nephropathy and practical prevention of its progression

Manchester Institute of Nephrology and Transplantation, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK, Julian.Wright{at}CMMC.nhs.uk

Anand Vardhan

Manchester Institute of Nephrology and Transplantation, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK

In common with all countries in the developed world, the United Kingdom is experiencing a dramatic increase in the incidence of diabetes and chronic kidney disease. The most common cause of renal impairment is diabetes. The evolution of diabetic nephropathy is usually predictable with evidence-based interventions available at each stage. This review examines this evidence and gives practical advice on the management of patients with diabetic nephropathy. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis, 2008; 8: 272—277

Key Words: cardiovascular morbidity and mortality • diabetic nephropathy • renin—angiotensin system

References

• Ritz E., Rychlik I., Locatelli F., Halimi S. End-stage renal failure in type 2 diabetes: A medical catastrophe of worldwide dimensions. Am J Kidney Dis 1999;34:795-808.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Adler AI, Stevens RJ, Manley SE et al. Development and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS 64). Kidney Int 2003;63:225-32.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Allen KV, Walker JD Microalbuminuria and mortality in long-duration type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2389-91.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Gambaro G., Kinalska I., Oksa A. et al. Oral sulodexide reduces albuminuria in microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients: the Di.N.A.S. randomized trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:1615-25.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long term complications in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977-86.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837-53.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Bilous R. Microvascular disease: what does the UKPDS tell us about diabetic nephropathy? Diabet Med 2008; 25(suppl 2):25-9.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. The management of type 2 diabetes. London: NICE, 2008.
• Keller CK, Bergis KH, Fliser D., Ritz E. Renal findings in patients with short-term type 2 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996;7:2627-35.[Abstract]
• Ritz E., Orth SR Nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1127-33.[Free Full Text]
• Ruggenenti P., Fassi A., Ilieva AP et al. Preventing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1941-51.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Patel A., MacMahon S., Chalmers J. et al. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;370:829-40.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Huang XR, Chen WY, Truong LD, Lan HY Chymase is upregulated in diabetic nephropathy: implications for an alternative pathway of angiotensin II-mediated diabetic renal and vascular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:1738-47.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Parving HH, Lehnert H., Brochner-Mortensen J. et al. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001;345:870-8.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Makino H., Haneda M., Babazono T. et al. Prevention of transition from incipient to overt nephropathy with telmisartan in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30:1577-8.[Free Full Text]
• Mogensen CE, Neldam S., Tikkanen I. et al. Randomised controlled trial of dual blockade of renin-angiotensin system in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and non-insulin dependent diabetes: the candesartan and lisinopril microalbuminuria (CALM) study. BMJ 2000; 321:1440-4.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Parving HH, Persson F., Lewis JB et al. Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2433-46.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Barnett AH, Bain SC, Bouter P. et al. Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1952-61.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1456-62.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001;345:851-60.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D. et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001;345:861-9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Staessen JA, Wang JG, Ginocchio G. et al. The deletion/insertion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene and cardiovascular-renal risk. J Hypertens 1997;15:1579-92.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Parving HH, de Zeeuw D., Cooper ME et al. ACE gene polymorphism and losartan treatment in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19:771-9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Penno G., Chaturvedi N., Talmud PJ et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism on progression of renal disease and the influence of ACE inhibition in IDDM patients: findings from the EUCLID Randomized Controlled Trial. EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in IDDM. Diabetes 1998;47:1507-11.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Fujisawa T., Ikegami H., Kawaguchi Y. et al. Meta-analysis of association of insertion/deletion polymorphism of angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene with diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. Diabetologia 1998;41:47-53.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Ritz E., Ogata H., Orth SR Smoking: a factor promoting onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Metab 2000;26(suppl 4): 54-63.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Wanner C., Krane V., Marz W. et al. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:238-48.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Tonolo G., Ciccarese M., Brizzi P. et al. Reduction of albumin excretion rate in normotensive microalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients during long-term simvastatin treatment. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1891-5.[Abstract]
• Pedrini MT, Levey AS, Lau J. et al. The effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of diabetic and nondiabetic renal diseases: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:627-32.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Klahr S., Levey AS, Beck GJ et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;330:877-84.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, Vol. 8, No. 6, 272-277 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/1474651408099654


CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Wright, J. Articles by Vardhan, A. Search for Related Content Social Bookmarking                         What's this?